When it comes to livestock production, the health of the animals themselves, and the environmental problems of the sheds must be of the greatest concern. Many owners of animal husbandry are very surprised: "The same livestock, the same shed, the same feed, why our livestock morbidity is higher than others, production capacity is not as good as others?"   And next, Let us see what are the main reasons? And how to solve them.    Livestock temperature  The enclosure of the shed is better. This ensures the stability of the whole house environment. It will also be due to poor ventilation, leading to the heat in the house is not easy to emit, and then the temperature in the house is too high. Poor closure of the shed, ventilation is very good, but the winter temperature is low, will also lead to the house temperature is too low. The house temperature is too high or too low, will seriously affect the performance of livestock production.   The air humidity in the house is too high, the airflow speed is too fast, and the illumination is too little, which will lead to the temperature reduction. In turn, the air temperature is also too high, which reduces the productivity of livestock.    Dust and microbes  Due to the excretion of livestock itself, it will lead to the breeding of microorganisms, dust and bacteria. If the air circulation in the house is poor, microbes, dust, bacteria continue to accumulate, it will affect the health of livestock. Such as foot and mouth disease, influenza, panting and so on. This leads directly to reduced productivity and even death of livestock.    Harmful gas  Livestock respiration, excretion and decomposition of organic matter will lead to the appearance of harmful gases. Therefore, there is a great difference in the composition of the air inside and outside the house. Excessive accumulation of harmful gases can also directly affect the health of livestock, resulting in reduced productivity, and even death.     Now that we know these reasons, how can we solve the above problems?   Because the main thing is to improve the air environment in the shed, it is necessary to install ventilation system in the barn, in order to stabilize the air temperature in the barn. Through stable airflow, dust, microbes, bacteria and toxic gases will be brought out of the house, and fresh air outside the house will be introduced to balance the air quality inside the house.   Taking the pig farm as an example, we put forward the following ventilation methods to improve the air environment and the production capacity of the pig farm by combining various elements such as the season, the difference between male and female pigs and the actual pig farm environment:    Negative pressure ventilation filtration  Negative pressure ventilation is to install the main filter wall at the front end of the cooling water curtain, and install the ceiling filter box on the ceiling ventilation window.   In winter, fresh air enters the ceiling through the top ventilation window, filters through the ceiling filtration system and enters the pigsty, and exhaust gas is discharged by the fan.   In summer, fresh air enters the barn only after being filtered by the main filter wall, and exhaust gas is discharged by the fan. There is negative pressure inside the piggery.   ◆The negative pressure ventilation filter requires large area, low replacement frequency, low ventilation energy consumption, and strong regional applicability.    Positive pressure ventilation filtration  The main filtration wall is installed in the filtration room. The positive pressure fan is installed in front of the main filter wall. Fresh air enters through the filter screen and enters the main filter wall under the action of the fan.   In winter, the filtered air enters the ceiling through the ceiling ventilation window and enters the pigsty through the ceiling small window.   In summer, the filtered air passes through a wet curtain and enters the piggery. Exhaust gases are removed by shutters and the air pressure inside the house is higher than outside.   ◆ There is less risk of unfiltered air entering the house, which is the advantage of positive pressure ventilation. But higher fan power is the guarantee of reliable operation of positive pressure ventilation. The selected fan must be able to provide sufficient air volume under high static pressure difference.    Balanced ventilation or micro-positive pressure ventilation  Neutral ventilation is between negative pressure ventilation and positive pressure ventilation, and generally adopts a partial positive pressure way. Mainly used in boar station. Neutral ventilation combines the advantages of positive pressure ventilation and negative pressure ventilation. The front end is positive pressure inlet air and the back end is negative pressure exhaust air, forming an orderly ventilation flow direction. But relatively speaking, the investment is higher, the operating cost is better.   So, how to choose the appropriate filtration ventilation scheme?   ◆ The choice of filtration ventilation scheme depends on the air cleanliness level L6 or L9 of the pig farm and the location of the pig farm; Positive pressure ventilation filtration is the best choice for boar station and SPF breeding farm.Positive pressure ventilation filtration is the best choice for boar station and SPF breeding farm. The negative pressure ventilation filtration design is recommended for thermal emergency sensitive areas and pig breeds. Ensure good ventilation effect and low energy consumption to meet the actual production needs.    There are the following points to pay attention to in the use of air filtration system:  1) Before the piggery air filtration system is put into use, it is necessary to test the air tightness of the piggery, the installation of the filter and the airflow pattern in winter and summer to ensure the operation effect of the system. 2) If the system of the unit is not used, there should be detailed operation guidance for filter replacement. 3) When to replace the filter is also an issue we need to consider. The best scheme is to decide whether to replace the filter according to the pressure transformation of each layer (positive pressure air filter unit can be realized). However, many systems do not test the static pressure difference, and filters can be used to change according to the cycle.

Disinfection and sterilization are two different concepts. The disinfection and sterilization methods commonly used in biological clean room are compared, and three common methods such as ultraviolet sterilization, formaldehyde disinfection and ozone disinfection are described.    Part 1 Foreword  According to data, the human body about every 6~7cm2 of skin can carry 1~10000 bacteria, of which about 1% is pathogenic, human breathing, speech will also emit bacteria. Obviously, for clean workshops, especially biological clean rooms with relatively high cleanliness requirements, it is crucial to prevent the generation, removal and elimination of bacteria. Disinfection and sterilization are two effective methods to remove and destroy bacteria and ensure the microbial requirements of biological clean rooms.    Part 2 Disinfection and sterilization are two different concepts  Disinfection and sterilization are two different concepts. Sterilization, which is to kill or remove all microorganisms (including bacteria, viruses, etc.) in a substance, has absolute significance. That is to say, corresponding to sterilization is not sterilization, there is no intermediate state of more and less sterilization. In this respect, absolute sterilization is almost non-existent because it is difficult to achieve or for an infinite period of time. Disinfection is a treatment that kills most pathogenic microorganisms or reduces them to a certain extent. In this process, some bacteria or viruses are not destroyed due to resistance to heat or drug force, which has a relative significance. In other words, the disinfectant itself has a certain range of sterilization. It is not difficult to see that the understanding of the relative and absolute meaning of disinfection and sterilization here is different from our usual understanding. What we usually call "sterilization" should be accurately called "sterilization".      Part 3  Comparison of common disinfection and sterilization methods  Disinfection and sterilization, from the mechanism point of view, there are no more than four: dry heat method, wet heat method, drug method, electromagnetic radiation method. From these four basic methods, a variety of disinfection and sterilization methods with different application scopes and application effects are derived.   3.1 Common sterilization methods Commonly used sterilization methods are: high temperature dry sterilization, high pressure steam sterilization, gas sterilization, filtration sterilization, radiation sterilization and so on.   3.2 Common disinfection methods Commonly used disinfection methods are: boiling and atmospheric steam disinfection, low temperature disinfection, ultraviolet irradiation disinfection, pharmaceutical disinfection and so on.    Part 4 Ultraviolet sterilization  Ultraviolet radiation is a kind of electromagnetic radiation method, which has many applications in local clean workshops, but its effect is limited, because the effect of ultraviolet light is limited, it can not be used to replace chemical disinfection, and ultimately sterilization, and ultraviolet radiation can not be used."   1、Factors influencing the effect of ultraviolet disinfection and sterilization   The factors that affect the effect of ultraviolet disinfection and sterilization are: （1）Lamp use time: the bactericidal power of the ultraviolet lamp decreases with the increase of the use time, in general, the output power of the ultraviolet lamp after 100h is the rated output power, and the lighting time of the ultraviolet lamp to 70% of the rated power is the average life. The average life of domestic UV lamps is generally about 2000h. （2）Environmental conditions: Generally, under the conditions of ambient temperature of 20℃ and relative humidity of 40~60%, the sterilization effect of UV lamp is the best. When the temperature is 0℃, the sterilization effect is less than 60%. （3）Irradiation distance: within 500mm from the center of the lamp, the irradiation intensity is inversely proportional to the distance, and above 500mm, the irradiation intensity is approximately inversely proportional to the square of the distance. （4）Strain: Because of the membrane structure and shape of the bacteria, the bactericidal effect of ultraviolet light on the strain, that is, the bactericidal rate is also different. If the product of irradiation intensity and irradiation time is assumed to be the irradiation dose, when the required dose of E. coli is 1, staphylococcus, tuberculosis bacillus and the like need about 1~3, subtilis and its spores and yeast and the like need about 4~8, mold about 2 ~ 50. （5）Installation method: The penetration rate of ultraviolet light is low, which is greatly affected by shielding and installation method. In the biological clean room, there are generally several installation methods of chandeliers, side lights and overhead lights, of which the sterilization effect of overhead lights is the best. Due to the limitations of ultraviolet sterilization effect and the damage to the human body that may be caused by sterilization, the use of ultraviolet lamps for comprehensive sterilization of biological clean rooms has been rarely used, only individual rooms or local sections such as dressing rooms, laundry rooms, etc. At present, ultraviolet sterilization is commonly used in combination with HVAC system gas phase cycle disinfection.    2、Gaseous phase cycle disinfection  Gaseous phase cycle disinfection, is to take some measures, let the air organized circulation through the ultraviolet lamp effective irradiation area, increase the irradiation time and irradiation intensity at the same time, the ultraviolet radiation does not leak hurt, and does not produce ozone, so the ultraviolet lamp can not be turned off to achieve the purpose of circulating air disinfection, disinfection effect is also greatly improved.    Part 5 Formaldehyde disinfection  Formaldehyde disinfection is a kind of pharmaceutical disinfection, and is also a common way of biological clean room disinfection. There are two kinds of formaldehyde disinfection: first, on-site disinfection, only a small range of disinfection in the local space of the clean room, formaldehyde can be used directly in the room evaporation (or heating evaporation), the effect is poor, and the detoxification after disinfection is inconvenient. The other is combined with the HVAC system, formaldehyde from the disinfection tank with jacket overflow into the air supply point main pipe of the air conditioning unit and then into the clean room, in order to increase the evaporation intensity of formaldehyde, the disinfection tank jacket through the steam.   It should be noted that because formaldehyde contains trace amounts of formic acid, it has a certain corrosive effect on galvanized air pipes, and it is recommended to use stainless steel pipes.    Part 6 Ozone disinfection  Ozone disinfection is a newly developed disinfection method. It is characterized by easy to use, safe, flexible installation and obvious bactericidal disinfection. Ozone disinfection requires the installation of an ozone generator. The ozone generator can be installed in a variety of ways: desktop, mobile or split type, placed directly in the clean room that needs disinfection; Pipe type, can be installed in the HVAC system's supply and return air main pipe (where the air pipe needs to be expanded); In addition, the ozone generator can also be fixed on the back end of the efficiency filter in the purification air conditioning unit. The latter two installation methods not only disinfect the clean room internally, but also disinfect the air ducts, filters, and internal equipment of the HVAC system. At present, ozone generators used in clean room disinfection have been produced by a number of domestic manufacturers. The amount of ozone that needs to be consumed when ozone disinfection is used in a biological clean room (or the output of the ozone generator that needs to be selected is the discharge water) can be referred to the relevant manufacturer's information. Compared with formaldehyde disinfection, the advantage of ozone disinfection is that it is easy to install and non-corrosive to air ducts and filtration materials when combined with HVAC systems.    Part 7 Conclusion  （1）Disinfection and sterilization are two different concepts. （2）The choice of disinfection and sterilization method should be determined according to the decoration, equipment and material of the biological clean room, production characteristics, etc., and consider the corrosiveness and economy of the disinfectant, the convenience, safety and the feasibility of GMP verification. （3）Formaldehyde and ozone are two commonly used disinfection methods. The GMP Certification Guide recommends the use of ozone disinfection. （4）Either way, it should be used in conjunction with the HVAC system in the clean room. For the residue that is harmful to people after disinfection, it should be diluted to a safe concentration through the ventilation device in time. （5）Any disinfection methods, disinfectants have a certain degree of resistance, and should be replaced after a period of use.

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Como parte vital del campo médico, el diseño del sistema de suministro de aire de un quirófano limpio está directamente relacionado con la seguridad y la eficiencia de la operación. Sin embargo, los dispositivos de suministro de aire existentes presentan limitaciones obvias, como una capacidad antiinterferente insuficiente y la dificultad para satisfacer las necesidades individuales de médicos y pacientes en cuanto a temperatura y humedad ambiental. Para abordar estos problemas, existe una solución innovadora: un sistema de suministro de aire con cortina de aire de boca ancha y baja velocidad, con diferentes temperaturas y velocidades. Análisis de los problemas existentes En la actualidad, el dispositivo de suministro de aire laminar de la sala de operaciones limpia se enfrenta a dos grandes desafíos en su aplicación práctica: Aunque el dispositivo de suministro de aire laminar del quirófano limpio está diseñado originalmente para crear un ambiente estéril, a menudo se descarta debido a la interferencia del flujo de aire circundante. Esta interferencia no solo reduce el alcance del área limpia, sino que también afecta la capacidad del área quirúrgica para mantener un estado estéril, un problema que no puede ignorarse en entornos quirúrgicos que requieren estándares de limpieza extremadamente altos. Por otro lado, el sistema de suministro de aire del quirófano suele adoptar una configuración unificada de temperatura y humedad, sin posibilidad de personalizarla. Este método de suministro de aire universal no contempla las diversas necesidades de confort ambiental del personal quirúrgico y de los pacientes, especialmente en cirugías sensibles a la temperatura y la humedad, lo que puede afectar negativamente los resultados quirúrgicos y la recuperación del paciente. Limitaciones de las contramedidas tradicionales Para evitar la intrusión del flujo de aire externo, una de las soluciones tradicionales consiste en añadir recintos alrededor del dispositivo de suministro de aire. Este diseño puede bloquear el flujo de aire circundante hasta cierto punto y proteger la pureza del suministro de aire laminar. Sin embargo, este método no es perfecto. Los recintos demasiado altos pueden dificultar la operación del equipo quirúrgico y afectar la fluidez y eficiencia de la operación. Otra contramedida tradicional consiste en utilizar cortinas de aire de alta velocidad para reforzar el flujo de aire y mejorar su capacidad antiinterferencias. Si bien esto puede estabilizar el suministro de aire hasta cierto punto, el flujo de aire a alta velocidad puede causar incomodidad al personal en el quirófano, especialmente en operaciones delicadas. Una velocidad excesiva del viento puede interferir con el proceso quirúrgico e incluso afectar los resultados de la operación. Propuesta de soluciones innovadoras A partir de un análisis profundo de las limitaciones del sistema de suministro de aire limpio de quirófano existente, se propone una solución de diseño de sistema de suministro de aire innovadora y revolucionaria. Este sistema dispone ingeniosamente tres cajas de suministro de aire independientes y colaborativas directamente sobre la mesa de operaciones. La caja central actúa como principal fuente de aire laminar, centrándose en proporcionar aire limpio y cálido a baja velocidad al área quirúrgica para garantizar la esterilidad del sitio quirúrgico. Las cabinas a ambos lados están equipadas con cortinas de aire de boca ancha y baja velocidad, que crean un ambiente de trabajo confortable para el personal quirúrgico, con menor temperatura y humedad, y mayor velocidad del viento. Este ingenioso diseño de diferentes temperaturas y velocidades no solo mejora significativamente la capacidad antiinterferencias del sistema de suministro de aire, sino que también regula con mayor precisión el microambiente del espacio quirúrgico, satisfaciendo las necesidades individuales de temperatura y humedad del sitio quirúrgico y del personal quirúrgico, garantizando así un desarrollo óptimo de la operación. La caja central del nuevo sistema de suministro de aire se encarga de proporcionar aire circulante con mayor temperatura y menor velocidad del viento para crear un ambiente local estéril y libre de polvo, garantizando la comodidad del anestesiólogo. Las cortinas de aire a ambos lados proporcionan aire limpio con menor temperatura y mayor velocidad del viento para satisfacer las necesidades dinámicas del personal quirúrgico y eliminar eficazmente el polvo y las bacterias durante la operación. Además, el sistema también logra un control preciso de la temperatura del suministro de aire mediante la configuración de diferentes unidades de manejo de aire para satisfacer las necesidades de distintos tipos de cirugía. Por ejemplo, en cirugía cardíaca o neurocirugía, el sistema puede ajustar rápidamente la temperatura del suministro de aire para cumplir con los estrictos requisitos de los cambios de temperatura durante la cirugía. El sistema de suministro de aire de temperatura variable y velocidad variable de cortina de aire de boca ancha y baja velocidad no solo es innovador en tecnología, sino que también tiene ventajas significativas en aplicaciones prácticas. Mejora la limpieza del quirófano y la comodidad del personal quirúrgico al optimizar la estructura y el modo de suministro de aire del dispositivo de suministro de aire, al tiempo que reduce el consumo de energía, lo que ayuda a promover el desarrollo sostenible de la industria médica.